The Whale Rider free essay sample

Her kin guarantee plummet from Kahutia Te Rangi, the unbelievable whale rider. In each age since Kahutia, a male beneficiary has acquired the title of boss. In any case, presently there is no male beneficiary, and the maturing boss is frantic to discover a replacement. Kahu is his lone extraordinary grandchildand Maori custom has no utilization for a young lady. In any case, when many whales sea shore themselves and undermine the eventual fate of the Maori clan, it is Kahu who spares the clan when she uncovers that she has the whale riders antiquated endowment of speaking with whales. Kahu is the oldest extraordinary grandkid of Kori, the head of the Maori in Whangara, Maori culture is rich with whale-riding stories and customs. Numerous clans have their own specific legends and saints. The accounts regularly recount a starting ancestor’s appearance to New Zealand shores on board a whale. These accounts typically include unpleasant treacheries, remarkable accomplishments of endurance, and high experience. We will compose a custom article test on The Whale Rider or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The custom of the renowned whale-riding precursor Paikea propelled the film Whale Rider. The word paikea regularly alludes to humpback whales, however was the name of an individual whale in the most acclaimed whale riding legend. As per this legend, Paikea (the whale rider) accepted his name from this humpback whale which saved him after his sibling attempted to suffocate him adrift. The whale later conveyed Paikea toward the east shoreline of New Zealand’s North Island, where he turned into the organizer of the Ngaati Porou, a Maori clan. Relatives of Paikea accept that he is covered on the most distant side of the little island Te Motu-o-Paikea, thought about the fossilized survives from the whale itself. Maori here and there recollect huge occasions and tales about whales by naming islands and landforms after them. The names allude to, in addition to other things, noteworthy whale strandings, navigational pathways, and significant excursions. Permeating tourist spots with the memory of whales shows the veneration with which these animals are be respected. This is the sign of numerous islands and groups of land encompassed by overwhelming tropical waterways; waterways with a bounty of natural life occupant. The Maori are a profoundly otherworldly and conventional clan that depends on the sound relationship they build up with nature to keep on helping the individuals succeed. Kahutia Te Rangi settled in Whangara, upon his whale, â€Å"and carried with him the nurturing powers that would empower us to live in close fellowship with the world. † Maori regard what the land and ocean brings to the table and thusly stay thankful for them. The nearness of the plenitude of land and ocean helpers in the comprehension of the significance of correspondence and unity in innate culture. In any case, in the ongoing years around the introduction of Kahu, the Maori have lost their capacity to discuss effectively with nature and the whales. Kahu who has that inborn blessing assists with restoring this association. For Kahu getting the clan, and all the more critically the boss, her extraordinary granddad Koro Apriana, to acknowledge and perceive her blessing is entangled as a result of sex signifiers. Koro Apriana is a solid customary devotee that the plunges of the chain of command be male, except if the clan will die. At the point when first discovering that Kahu was female he disgustedly declared, â€Å"A young lady. I will have nothing to do with her. She has broken the male line of better than average in our clan. † Koro Apriana around then was uninformed of Kahu’s blessing and his demeanor towards her remained perpetual all through. Truth be told the sexual orientation of Kahu was the essential driver of trouble for Koro and the whole clan. It was a result of Koro’s dismissal of Kahu that lost the equalization of ocean and mankind. Others in Kahu’s family, her Uncle Rawiri and her Nanny Flowers, Koro’s spouse, saw the potential in Kahu however were never effective in persuading Koro. Rather Koro accused Nanny Flowers for the explanation the clan may area on account of her solid female side. Kahu’s sexual orientation is a portrayal of her human face. Her face, just as her body, is female anyway she ends up being a living together of male and female. She’s kind, delicate and conveying yet can be a pioneer and a leader of the ocean. In Kahu is the unity that the Maori predecessors accept produces an incredible fellowship. Koro’s powerlessness to look past Kahu’s sex is a direct result of his customary tattoo. Koro is one of the oldest in the clan. He unequivocally has faith in the male impact as the determiners of the Maori and offers directions on Maori convention just as language to just guys in Whangara. A tattoo is perpetual so Kahu’s birth didn’t hold any an incentive to Koro in light of the fact that she was female she didn't fit into custom; she was not a piece of the tattoo. Koro additionally frequently excuses recommendations from Nanny Flowers since she is a ladies and he looks unequivocally to the guys of the clan to fulfill his requirement for the men to remain solid. In one of Koro’s guidelines he took the youngsters out on a pontoon, past the sound where the water would abruptly go dull green. Koro dropped a cut stone into the sea and broadcasted, â€Å"One of you should take that stone back to me. † None of the youthful students had the option to recover the stone for Koro and his expectation was lost and he was parted from not having the option to see an incredible future for the Maori. Koro was searching for the up and coming age of the tattoo among his understudies yet they were not there. The critical detail separated of convention was Kahu; a fellowship of male and female and nature and mankind. Not long after observed Koro upset Kahu set out and recovered the stone for him. This denoted the first of a progression of marvelous things Kahu would accomplish for Koro and the clan. Initially it was dismal how the grandpa segregated on his granddaughter since she wasn’t a kid, however at long last she made a distinctions in there age and she carried an alternate thing into the family clan, her family was glad for her, and she never offered up to attempt to demonstrate her grandpa and every other person wrong, toward the finish of the story her granddad was bound to be the head of the clan even tho he didn’t have confidence in her he she pardoned him and. Through the social focal point managing sexual orientation can be separating hard, folks regularly believe that girl’s can’t do thing’s that guy’s do They will in general imagine that it s folks work or that young ladies or ladies or feeble and not equipped to deal with the activity, and sex can do it in the event that they put there heart to it and give it there all and they can wind up making some hard memories doing it or doing it great and having the great out comes at long last, toward the finish of this store/film the young lady Kahu was tried to refute the others and give them what she came do , or that she can complete a pioneers work similarly just as the person even so perhaps better then them , when she gave them that she can do it to , they were totally stunned and flabbergasted and it was an alternate thing to see since she was a youngster completing a guys work, they were pleased with her and happy they got the chance to perceive what se has done to change the clan family , the change was a decent change for everybody so the two sexes male and female could do the social custom of the family and keep the convention alive and going , without no issues on who’s going to carry on it , the two sexes can have the option to, it dosent matter if you’re a female or male you have the abilty to transform it and have any kind of effect if Kahu can do it when she was eight years of age so can every other person would she be able to give trust confidence and boldness to assume the ablity of a male .

What Highschool Is Essay Example for Free

What Highschool Is Essay Theodore R. Sizer in his paper What High School Is starts with an outline, a nitty gritty record of the opening of the day at a secondary school, tailing one understudy named Mark, sixteen years old, as he shows up at school, welcomes his companions, and goes to class. This segment is a somewhat dry recitation of his timetable on this specific day, with some striking depictions of the classes, different understudies, and the various components of the school day. This whole segment runs four and a half pages and fills in as the prologue to the whole article. This is a challenging and not so much agreeable methodology. There is nothing in front of this depiction to guarantee the peruser that the whole paper won't comprise of this itemizing of one understudies day, however in reality the exposition has something different as a main priority on the off chance that it can hold the consideration of the peruser until the creator gets to it. He may have offered some increasingly conventional early on comments to show that he has a reason in recounting to this extensive story, which would pick up him mileage with many, however rather he just propelled into it and proceeds all the way to the finish of the day. After this, obviously, comes what may be viewed as a more The perusing What High School Is by Theodore R. Sizer precisely delineates a normal day for a secondary school understudy, yet neglects to show the absolute most basic things about what secondary school is. A huge bit of the perusing tells about the normal day of an understudy named Mark. This bit of the story is the focal point of my reaction. Despite the fact that the depiction of his day is truly exact, it neglects to show the feeling and sentiments of that day. The story just portrays what he does in his classes and not his opinion of those classes. The story over streamlines what secondary school is to every individual understudy. Albeit most understudies presumably follow about a similar calendar, the way that understudy responds towards his classes, instructors, understudies, and heads differs incredibly. While one understudy may make the most of their calendar and instructors, another understudy with similar classes may despise school as a result of it. Another exceptionally critical piece of secondary school that Sizer neglects to specify is the social angle. One of the MOST significant aptitudes learned in secondary school is social cooperation. Sizer scarcely makes reference to that the piece of the day that most understudies get familiar with the most, and anticipate the most, is their lunch and passing periods. Most understudies conclusions on secondary school and whether it was a decent encounter for them extraordinarily relies on how well they can associate during these times. In the event that an individual was to solicit a pariah what they thought from their secondary school they would no doubt relate the experience as a negative one. In any case, if an individual was to ask somebody who even had some social communications that individual would in all likelihood have had a positive secondary school understanding. Generally, Sizer works superbly of indicating the class encounters of an understudy yet neglects to try and notice one of the most significant factors in that understudies secondary school profession, their social interactions.i totally concur with you on the part about secondary school understanding, and that is something that consistently contrasts from us all. presently returning to what schools are doing it can unmistakably be seen that relying upon the area of the school, it is the means by which the children would figure out how to be socially mindful residents and basic masterminds. shockingly relatively few of the schools are doing this.. in any case, why? would it be a good idea for us to let our children flop all alone with the goal that they become dependable? I think its fine that the creator didn’t incorporate Marks emotions or how secondary school public activity is significant. That is not the focal point of his exposition. He is calling attention to that the government funded instruction framework is neglecting to give genuine educational and humanistic substance for understudies. Schools state they need to show good and moral qualities and self-acknowledgment to understudies, however do next to no in those expressed objectives. Truly, a ton of us have had healthy secondary school encounters yet that is on the grounds that weve made extraordinary companions and been around incredible individuals. Shouldn't something be said about incredible instructors or administators? What actions are they taking to give understudies important training experience?

In 1968, a man called Franco Zefferelli produced a film of the Shakespeare classic Essay Example For Students

In 1968, a man called Franco Zefferelli delivered a film of the Shakespeare exemplary Essay In 1968, a man called Franco Zefferelli created a film of the Shakespeare great; Romeo and Juliet. Anyway in 1997 a more up to date form of the film was made by a man called Baz Lurham, and by looking at the two, you will promptly have the option to see how much the two variants vary. This is down to the distinction of understanding between the two chiefs of what precisely the desires for the crowds were around then. Clearly the crowds of 1968 would have been expecting a regular great adaptation of the Shakepeare play on-screen, though the crowds of 1997 would have been expecting something substantially more present day and like the world we live in today. Not exclusively is this the case, however the way that the two executives have picked two very various settings for the movies will have influenced the result. Not overlooking that additionally somewhere in the range of 1968 and 1997 numerous things on the planet had changed, for instance; there were currently weapons though in 199 7 they had blades, thus this would have likewise had a major impact in the varying of the two movies. In the Zefferelli variant the Capulets and the Montagues are two Roman Catholic families with a long on-going quarrel, both living in the town of Verona in the hour of the medieval times. While the Lurhman rendition is set in the twentieth century in the West Coast State, Venice Beach, with the Capulets being common West Coast American Hispanics and the Montagues being White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Albeit numerous things vary in the later film from the first film, two principle angles are kept the equivalent; the general storyline and language utilized. Looking at the two movies, bits of the storyline varied yet with respect to the genuine Shakespeare story, that had not changed. In the two forms, we are acquainted with Benvolio, the Montague group pioneer who was quite a harmony attendant, especially not at all like Tybalt, the Capulet posse pioneer who is a very firey character. Additionally in the two forms the executives decided to utilize unique Shakespearean English all through the film despite the fact that in Lurhmans variant it has been marginally modernized for the crowds purpose. You could acquaint the two movies through the viewpoint that the two families/packs are dressed as though in garbs. Anyway the closeness remains there as the in the principal the Capulet family are dressed brilliantly and the Montagues bluntly and in the second the Capulets are currently wea ring dull hues and the Montagues in splendid. Dissimilar to Zefferelli, who utilized only the garments to recognize the two families from each other, Lurhman utilizes this yet additionally iconography utilizing posse peaks, and freeze casings to distinguish the different sides in a progressively clear and sharp way. One of the fundamental contrasts between the initial scenes of the Zefferelli adaptation and the Lurhman rendition is the preamble. In the first Zefferelli variant we are given a somewhat long preamble read gradually, tranquilly advising us regarding the quarrel. Anyway in the second, the Lurhman rendition, we are given a massively differentiating preface where it blasts onto the clear screen all of a sudden as a news report with breaking news, and is perused in a quick, enlightening and increasingly genuine way. Likewise in the primary, the introduction is welcomed with a quieting anthem and all encompassing perspectives on the town of Verona. Though in the subsequent it is welcomed with uproarious choral music catching your eye, and a mosaic of various clasps and pictures (secret reel) from further on in the film to give us a thought of what we are in for. He did this as the crowd of today can identify with it significantly more than Zefferellis as they will be accustomed to seeing breaking news provides details regarding the TV. .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 , .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 .postImageUrl , .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 , .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3:hover , .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3:visited , .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3:active { border:0!important; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3:active , .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3:hover { haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1a199 d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1a199d78c0b9cf1ee00d2d5912071eb3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The manner in which Shakespeare keeps up the crowd's consideration EssayAfter the initial preamble in the main, the camera at that point brings us into the bustling Verona advertise where we initially meet the two families. We can see the fight between them very quickly as the Capulets promptly attempt to taunt the Montagues when they see them. The Montagues didn't fight back and looked the more harmony keeping of the two families, in spite of the fact that when the Capulets got physical, this is the point at which the counter from the Montagues came, and a gigantic blade battle broke out. When watching we see the Capule t, Benvolio attempt and separate the battle and make harmony despite the fact that he comes up short. This was on the grounds that, by then the firey, fearsome Capulet, Tybalt showed up and nearly staright away, the camera zoomed in up near his face, indicating the crowd he was a man of high height. He would not keep harmony and battled, for example Harmony? I detest the word! The battle continued for a brief timeframe with the camera indicating us various pieces of the activity, however was then penniless up by the Verona chief, the Prince. In a split second the camera zooms in onto his face and gazes toward him, showing he is of an exceptionally high height in the town, and is tremendously regarded and legitimate. He proclaimed that if anybody somehow managed to stir up some dust again in the town, that individual would be killed, thus trusting it would stop any contention. In any case, after the introduction in the Lurhman variant it cuts without hesitation with us with an entire diverse attitude and expectance. Right off the bat we are welcomed with the Montagues being appeared as the more youthful, more youngster like group. We at that point meet the Capulet pack who look significantly all the more scary as they give the impression of being progressively experienced, fearsome and composed than the Montagues, and we can see that the Montagues know this, as they are demonstrating heaps of dread towards the Capulets. Now the two posse pioneers are in the gas station shop and outside where the packs are a little contention is breaking out. We at that point see that the Montagues realize their pioneer is coming back to them thus this is the point at which the weapons are raised. Now we meet Benvolio, the Montague chief and to give us he is a primary character, there is a freeze-outline with spaghetti Western style music in the back ground for several seco nds, and he is attempting to keep the harmony, when Tybalt, the considerable Capulet pioneer comes out (another freeze-outline this time with ordinary trouble maker music) and things get truly tense. The entirety of this shows Zefferlli utilizes the camera to give a perspective while Lurhman doesnt use it for this, and rather utilizes it for sway on his crowd. This is the point at which the firearm battle breaks out and you can unmistakably observe the distinction in quality, self-control and experience between the two posses. The Montagues are plainly frightened, very uncalm and unfocused and continue shooting uncontrollably hitting the petroleum sign consistently. Though Tybalt is very engaged and basically moves around the station taking shots at the Montagues as though it fell into place without any issues for him. This at that point breaks out into a battle of an enormous scope and makes masses of annihilation the city. This is then trailed by a news report demonstrating recordings of the military, police and helicopters attempting frantically to quiet things down over the entire city and winds up having the two posse pioneers (Benvolio and Tybalt) pointing weapons at each other. This general gives us a greater sentiment of stun than the Zefferrelli form as there has been significantly progressively harmed caused, this battle was on a n a lot greater scale and that only a basic gnawing of the thumb has caused the entirety of this, thus giving us how incredible the quarrel between the two posses was.

Be the First to Know What Gurus are Saying About Cpe Essay Samples

Be the First to Know What Gurus are Saying About Cpe Essay Samples New Ideas Into Cpe Essay Samples Never Before Revealed Choose tips that you know you've got the vocabulary to discuss. The following two sections will explain the format and requirements of every one of the writing tasks together with how they'll be scored. It is possible to avoid dropped quotes by making use of a signal phrase. These 3 words are utilized to reverse meaning, but they're punctuated differently. Being aware of what graders want and reviewing TOEFL Writing samples can go a very long way towards aiding you to get a high score on this section. You need to use the vital word to finish the second sentence so that it means the very same as the very first sentence. This issue of a certain paragraph ought to be obvious right away (the very first sentence of a paragraph is often known as the topic sentence). When quoting, you don't need to use the complete sentence of your source. Facts, Fiction and Cpe Essay Samples Your writing is going to be assessed on these criteria that is important to understand before beginning. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and an appropriate structure. You might, should you wish, take advantage of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you ought to use your own words so far as possible. It is essential that the thesis statement needs to be slimmed down so as to adhere to the guidelines of the given writing exercise. A comprehensive argument As mentioned before, an argument does not need to be formal. Attempt to avoid simply repeating what you've already said. You will need to provide your opinion in an intriguing way. Write a great topic sentence and give reasons to back up your argument. It's critical that you follow your plan and do what the commencement of your essay suggests you'll do. It may also be beneficial to review other TOEFL writing samples to receive a better idea about what a terrific TOEFL essay appears like. Essay writing per se is no simple undertaking to do. It is crucial to note an argumentative essay and an expository essay could possibly be similar, but they vary greatly regarding the sum of pre-writing and research involved. Just open our English essay example and discover out what's written in an essay and the way that it is written. You might also see analytical essay. You can also see descriptive essay. Teaching essay is a rather common assignment that's requested by teachers or professors. You will be able to take notes as you listen to it though. There's quite a few essays completed by them. You ought to have a few pages safe somewhere where you are able to keep a record of other useful essay phrases that you encounter in your reading. Your early paragraphs set up what the results are throughout the remainder of the essay. Do try to get a great introduction. How to compose a guide and 3 examples. Then create a plan of whatever you desire to include and how you'll arrange it. The absolute most important task is to discover ALL portions of the question. Another finding was that some projects simply didn't move very fast. A shadow box is a fantastic means to display larger dog-related items which will not match in a normal frame. It is the only thing that could spell the difference between a wonderful day and a bad one. 4 stating the question you're going to reply. An increasing number of families are opting to have only 1 child. People today argue all of the time. Top Cpe Essay Samples Choices Failure to follow along with the directions offered in the tutorial and sample tests, including the directions about how to respond, might adversely impact candidate scores. Here's a sample taken from theCambridge site. And, the time that it took to gather all this to find prepared for a trip. This essay intends to summarise and assess the effects of stress on the job at both organization and individual levels. This is essential because the point of your teaching essay is the debut of something new by way of showing the theory and practice of your point. Both texts discuss the subject of stress on the job. The very first text focuses on the effects of stress on the job from a corporation's perspective.

Essay on Recitatif by Toni Morrison - 522 Words

Recitatif by Toni Morrison Recitatif, by Toni Morrison, is a profound narrative that I believe is meant to invite readers to search for a buried connotation of the experiences that the main characters, Twyla and Roberta, face as children and as they are reunited as adults. Some of the story?s values and meanings involving race, friendship and abandonment begin to emerge as the plot thickens; however, more messages become hidden and remain unrecognized, even until the very last sentence. From the very first paragraph of the narrative, I noticed that there were several details that the narrator mentioned that required further, deeper thought. For me, this is what made the story appealing. At the beginning of the†¦show more content†¦I discovered towards the end of the story that she considered Maggie her ?dancing mother?(480), and she wanted to kick her because she knew she couldn?t scream, and that would be her way of getting even and making her mother feel the way she did-- helpless and alone. I believe that Twyla had the impression that her mother was racist, and that this was the basis for Twyla being against racism. At first, Twyla was a little uneasy about being stuck in a room with someone of another race and she had stated that her mother wouldn?t like her being placed with Roberta and that ?they never washed their hair and they smelled funny?(467). But I think that she soon realized that her mother was ?nobody who could tell you anything important that you could use?(480). She grew a strong relationship with Roberta, and race meant nothing to her-- ?it didn?t matter that (they) looked liked salt and pepper?(468). The significance of the role Twyla?s mother plays is just one twist to the way in which the story can be read. This makes the meaning of the story different to every reader. My interpretation of the details left by the author can be completely different to interpretations of someone else, and there are probably deeper meanings to the story that I didn?t even come across. This characteristic is what made this narrative unique and interesting for me to read. Works Cited New Worlds of Literature. 2nd Edition. NewShow MoreRelatedRecitatif: Toni Morrison Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1983, Toni Morrison published the only short story she would ever create. The controversial story conveys an important idea of what race is and if it really matter in the scheme of life. This story takes place during the time period of the Civil Rights Movement. The idea of civil rights was encouraged by the government but not enforced by the states, leaving many black Americans suffering every day. 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The idea thatRead MoreCompare and Contrasts of Recitatif993 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"Recitatif† In â€Å"Recitatif† by Toni Morrison, two young girls Roberta and Twyla meet one another at a state home for orphan and foster children. It is apparent from the start that either of the girls is white or black. Even at their young age, they both have preconceived expectations of the other because of their difference in race. However, as each character ages and is developed further, many of their traits could be that of someone white or black, albeit they contrast in personality. As a resultRead MoreRacism : Black Or White?949 Words   |  4 Pageslive and work together in America. Recitatif by Toni Morrison published in 1983, fifteen years after the Civil Rights Movement, is an example of fictional writing that addresses the topic of racism that occurred in America. 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Wal-Mart China Analysis - 3304 Words

Introduction Since China was opened the market in earlier 1980s, a number of foreign supermarket corporation were entered, e.g. Carrefour, Tesco and Wal-mart. Now the Wal-mart has become one of the very important supermarkets in Chinese supermarket sector. This assignment is intends to offer the evaluation for the business and performance of Wal-mart in China in terms of PEST and SWOT models, with critical discussion on the choosing and using of those two analytical models, so that provide the critical analysis and related recommendation to Wal-mart’s strategy in China. Critical evaluation of PEST and SWOT models Since the corporate strategy has been commonly described as a matrix that provided proper business direction and extent for†¦show more content†¦The evaluation of Wal-mart in China in terms of PEST and SWOT models Political factor It’s a trend that the Chinese government increasingly open market to foreign investors by reducing the barriers of entry. Recently, the State Council of China has altered the foreign investment policies, encouraged and supported the foreign investment on the service sector, especially the labour intensive but environmental friendly business in low developed central or western China (Chen Liang, 2010). The government has also permitted the foreign investors to set up partnership business with local firms (Cao Tai, 2009) rather than formerly approved options of joint venture and wholly owned. On the other hand, the current government and communist party are working to ease the social inequality. The minimum wage and annual income protection have been approved and increased in China at present (Wang et.al., 2009). Also, they have promoted the establishment of government-led labour union in major foreign business and expect to require all of them to set up in later (Kahn, 2006), which aim to create official-approved labour protection chapter and collective bargaining in foreign firms. 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Communication and Thought Interpersonal Communication System

Question: Discuss about theCommunication and Thought for Interpersonal Communication System. Answer: Introduction: As mentioned by San Martn (2015) in simple terms the exchange of informations that is done between two or more people is known as interpersonal communication. With the increase in the knowledge and with continuous practice, development and improvement in the communication skills is visualised. During the process of this interpersonal communication system there is sending of the message from one source and the receiving of the message at the other source. There are many ways of conducting this communication system, however, the most successful system is the one in which where the message that is sent by the sender is understood by the receiver. This study considers variety of elements and both the qualitative and the quantitative methods are used for the exploration of the interpersonal communication. In all of the business organization, the people require to interact with each other and almost everyday use interpersonal communication system. The interpersonal communication is required in the business organizations to interact with the customers, handle complaints and feedbacks to the customers, interact within the organization with the employee and also for other needs (Brandler and Roman 2015). The Communication Skills: The interpersonal skills are used when the means of communication that is being is the face to face communication. The different types of interpersonal communication skills are: Skills of Listening: While communicating with the other people, listening to the other person is the most vital interpersonal skill of communication as during a conversation a person spends about 45% of the time in listening to the other person. The ability that allows the person to receive and to interpret the massage accurately is known as the listening. Without being able to listen and understand the message effectively, the communication system may breakdown. The different principles of listening are: Stop talking: While talking continuously the person could not listen to what the other person is trying to say. So in order to listen one must first stop talking and focus on what the other person is trying to say. Comfort: Both the speaker and the listener needs to be comfortable while therefore, listener needs to show indications that the words spoken by the speaker are being conveyed to them. the speaker must not anything that would distract the speaker from speaking his words. Empathise: The listening does not only mean to listen to the words spoken by the speaker but also to understand the point of view of the other person also and understand trhe things from that sense. Patience: The listener also needs to be patience for the time period and should not interrupt while the speaker is trying to convey its message and let them continue to finish their message. Non- Verbal communication: While listening the only focus should not be only on the words but also on the eye moment, gesture and the facial expression of the speaker (Asemota 2015). Skills of Feedback: The feedback is the performance review of any person or any business organization. However, effective feedback could be defined as a feedback that is clearly heard, understood and accepted. Skill is required for giving effective feedbacks and it can transform the effectiveness of the feedback that is being offered and receptiveness of the receiver. The different principles of giving feedback in the business sector are: Effective feedback: Before giving the feedback to the desired person one should first understand the purpose of giving the feedback and the requirement. A feedback should not be harsh or offensive. Regularity: Giving of the feedback should be done on a regular basis as this is a process that requires attention. This is not a once in a year of a month event, it should be given as regular as possible so that the problems may not get out of hands. Specific: While giving out of the feedback, there should be specific and exact mention of what was wrong and on what does the receiver needs to improve or work on. Privacy: It is not that feedback would always be positive; there may also be negative and criticizing comments. Feedbacks as such should be given in private and not openly (Archer and Howie 2013). Skills of Questioning: Questioning the other person is the basics of effective communication system. Questioning effectively during an appropriate situation may change the whole range of the communication skills. The different principles of questioning are: Question strategy: Before asking a question, the first thing to consider is what to be asked. Asking of question would not make sense if the question asked is not appropriate. Questioning Styles: The type of question that is to be asked is also to be considered. Listening: After a question is asked, the answers would tell the questioner if he had the answer to what it has asked or not (Godbold and McCaffery 2015). Benefits and Models of Communication Skills: Benefits: The Interpersonal communication is the life blood of any business organization. Just like the blood transmits essential elements to the different part of our body, the interpersonal communication also carries essential informations to the different parts of an organization. The benefits of the interpersonal communication skills are: The interpersonal communication skills help to gather informations and communicate within the organization. The active and effective listening and feedback would help the employees and the customers to circulate the informations appropriately and with ease and to know the point of view of each other. The questioning skills help the person to gather information about anything from the other person and also to understand if the listening person has understood the words spoken or not (McQuail and Windahl 2015). Models: Berlos SMCR model of communication: In the year 1960, the Sender- Message- Channel- Receiver model of communication model of Shannon Weaver was modified by David erlo. In this modified model he proposed the different components as the sender who sends the message, the message that is to be sent, the channel which is the mode of transfer and the receiver who will receive the model (Turnitsa 2013). This modified model of David Berlo is represented as: Fig 1: Berlos model of communication, (Source: Heath and Bryant 2013) Through this model it could be specified that the listening as the third component under channel component through which the message from the source gets transferred to the receiver. Lasswells Model of Communication: In the year, the famous theorist of communication, Mr. Harold D. Lasswell developed the Lasswell model of communication. The lasswell model of communication is also known as the linear model or the action model. This one way model of communication is one of the most influential model of communication and was developed by Lasswell to analyze the mass communication (Sapienza et al. 2015). This modal can be represented as: Fig 1: Lasswells model of communication, (Source: Heath and Bryant 2013) In the above model of Lasswells communication model the different components of the communication could be identified. The components of this model are the: WHO: This refers to the person who is the sender of the message. SAYS WHAT: This refers to the message that has been sent by the sender. CHANNEL: This refers to the medium through which the sender sends the message to the receiver. TO WHOM: This refers to the person to whom the sender has sent the message to. WITH WHAT EFFECT: This refers to the effectiveness of the message that the message of the sender has sent to the receiver. The reaction of the receiver to the message is considered as the effect of the message on the receiver. Potential Challenges While Incorporation of the Communication: At times the brain remains busy with the processing of other instances as a result for which the speech is not registered or the already present activities become too loud that completely overpowers the new speech conveyed. A cultural gap may play a pivotal role because cultural differences might have different ways of reciprocation, which not match between two individuals. As a result of this, the listening result may be altered (Fletcher 2016). Language barriers are the main challenges faced in questioning. Moreover, one should have enough courage to proceed and ask a question to superiors or others which are often not done thinking that they might make a fool of himself. Self -respect and ego may act as barriers often in questioning a doubt during a communication (Stevens and Levi 2013). Feedback in a two ways communication does not have barriers as such. However, in a one way communication, there is often no scope for feedback. Such communications may include passing of ideas, information and instructions from higher authority, which does not allow the system of feedback. The lack of this provision always creates dissatisfaction and communication thus disrupting a proper feedback provision acting as a barrier (Scott 2016). Recommendation: The employees and managers of the business should be patient while listening to the complaints or any queries from the clients and the customers. Similarly, the company should carefully focus on implementing the changes as necessary. A system of receiving complaints and suggestions should be initiated so that the customers have a scope of showing their complaints and concerns. This would make the customers feel important and accepted. A clients remark is necessary for developing the products quality of the product. Product research should be conducted so that manufacturers can understand the prospective of the customers on a particular product. The employees should ask questions to customers about their products. Conclusion: Innumerable kinds of challenges often cause disruption of a proper communication in work fields. In business organizations, communication is the only process that is needed for effective results. The main mode of functioning however gets challenged due to various barriers such as noise, language and many others mentioned above which effects the tools such as feedback, questioning and listening. Different models of researchers further strengthen the discussion. All of these are done to state that with the help of the communication skills a smooth communication would exists between the stakeholders for further success in future. References: Archer, E. and Howie, S., 2013. Optimising a feedback system for monitoring learner performance in primary schools. Asemota, H.E., 2015. Nature, Importace and Practice pf Listening Skill.British Journal of Education,3(7), pp.27-33. Brandler, S. and Roman, C.P., 2015. Group work: Skills and strategies for effective interventions. Routledge. Fletcher, J.G., 2016.Exploring the Listening Phenomenon: The Effects of Receiver Apprehension and Communication Competence on Listening Style(Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado Colorado Springs. Kraemer Family Library). Godbold, N. and McCaffery, K., 2015. Improving care by listening: care communication and shared decision-making.Communicating Quality and Safety in Health Care, p.164. Heath, R.L. and Bryant, J., 2013.Human communication theory and research: Concepts, contexts, and challenges. Routledge. McQuail, D. and Windahl, S., 2015. Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. San Martn, C., Montero, I., Navarro, M.I. and Biglia, B., 2014. The development of referential communication: Improving message accuracy by coordinating private speech with peer questioning.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,29(1), pp.76-84. Sapienza, Z.S., Iyer, N. and Veenstra, A.S., 2015. Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions. Mass Communication and Society, 18(5), pp.599-622. Scott, L., 2016. Effective Communication Requires Caring, Explaining, Listening, and Living the Role. Stevens, D.D. and Levi, A.J., 2013.Introduction to rubrics: An assessment tool to save grading time, convey effective feedback, and promote student learning. Stylus Publishing, LLC Turnitsa, C., 2013. Communication model elements for societal behavior representation using agent based models. In Proceedings, 2013 Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop.

What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign Essay Example

What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign Essay The Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War is a valuable case study for learning about leadership qualities and styles. Although it is a sad fact that close to 500,000 lives were lost in the campaign, the decisions taken and tactics adopted during the course of these battles would serve present and future generations of military and political leaders. As some historians already point out, the Gallipoli campaign holds a special place in the annals of World War. Leading a Multicultural Army: The campaign was witness to some inspiring leadership skills that combined ethical norms, bravery and an astute understanding of the technical aspects of modern warfare. It is a tribute to those great men that they could exercise such superior qualities in the midst of a very unsettling phase in European history. The commanders were often handed charge of troops drawn from various nations. It requires of the leader to be sensitive and understanding of his subordinates’ sensibilities and cultural practices in order to win the trust and respect of the unit. For example, the Turkish forces were for the large part led by a German General, under whose exemplary leadership the combined allied efforts were nullified. What is all the more impressive is the fact that such a difficult challenge was successfully dealt with for nearly a year, which is a long time in a war situation. The successful organization of Turkish troops under a German leader acts as a model of cooperation to this day. The men in charge of United Nations operations across the globe today can learn a lot from the way Turkish and German nationals cooperated during a crucial juncture of the first Great War. We will write a custom essay sample on What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What lessons can be learned by leadership displayed by both sides during the Gallipoli Campaign specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The exemplary leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk): During the battle at Dardanelles, the outstanding leadership traits of Ataturk came into effect. The success at Canakkale Savaslari had boosted the morale of Turkish combatants. And they followed in the same vein at Dardanelles by exhibiting similar valour and resolve. This is a crucial battle result as the fall of Dardanelles to the Allied forces would have handed them a strategic advantage – as it would have opened the doors for an invasion of Constantinople, the Turkish capital. The victory at Dardanelles reinforced the Turkish nation’s faith in their leader Ataturk, whom they elected president after the war. This allowed Ataturk to implement his revolutionary principles, the foundations of which are still evident today. Good Leaders don’t ignore their subordinates: The British War Cabinet’s decision to attack turkey is preceded by an interesting turn of events. The leading advocate for such a move was the then First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Churchill argued that a surprise attack on Turkey would debilitate them from further participation in the War and facilitate Allied march into Constantinople. The capture of Constantinople would give the allies the much coveted access to the Black Sea, via which they can send supplies to their allies in Russia. Theoretically, it was a sound idea – victory in Gallipoli could have fastened an early end to the war. But it is imprudent of military officers to neglect practical difficulties into account. Although the top brass of the British military machine concurred on the value of victory in Turkey, all of them without exception failed to take into consideration other valuable factors like terrain and enemy strength. Interestingly, the British troops did not share the same enthus iasm that their commanders did – there was scepticism among the lower ranks about the feasibility of the project. In hindsight their fears proved true. It further goes to show how the combatants in the thick of action possess a better sense of ground realities than their arm-chair commanders. Here is a lesson for all leaders – Heeding to the feelings of the subordinates can provide valuable clues which can be used in devising more suitable plans of action. A Rational and a Balanced Mind is required of all Leaders: With the setback of the Dardanelles initiative, the British high command arrived at the conclusion that an amphibious assault was the only option left. As a result, a strong regiment of 70,000 soldiers of British, French, Australian and New Zealand nationality were assembled. The allied forward thrust met with immediate resistance. Consequently, the Allies managed to hold their beach positions with great difficulty. And they were stay put in that position for another 4 months. It was at this juncture that the idea of opening a front at Suvla Bay was conceived. This was to prove another disaster for the Allied forces. But, Winston Churchill was willing to submit to the realities of the situation and called for further reinforcements. Fortunately, his wish was countermanded which prevented further casualties. The episode goes to show how military leaders are gripped by irrationality in their pursuit of a glory that is elusive. When so much is at stake, both for the nation and the indiv idual, the tendency is to take unwarranted risks. The countermand order to Churchill’s request for troops was a decision taken in a balanced frame of mind by weighing the pros and cons of the eventual course. Hence, all leaders should train themselves to preserve their rationality in the most turbulent of times. The Leadership of General Liman von Sanders: The German General Liman von Sanders, was instrumental in the outcome of the battle for Cape Helles. Cape Helles was an important objective for the Allies in the Dardanelles initiative. The combined efforts of the Allies were weakened by the conflict of interest among the coalition partners. For instance, the Russians were more concerned by the advantages Britain and France would gain through the conquest of Constantinople even though they were all fighting on the same side. The apprehension on the part of the Russians meant that they were reluctant to undertake their assignments on the Black Sea. They also undermined the British efforts by providing unreliable intelligence. It goes to show how national self-interest can supersede mutual agreements and treaties. Leaders will have to understand that all agreements, coalitions and contracts need to be backed up by contingency plans – as breach of agreements and violations of treaties are much too common in international affairs . A Silver Lining in every Dark Cloud: It is important to note that although the Allies were embarrassed by their failure to occupy Turkey, the Gallipoli diversion helped in distracting the German high command and slowed its march toward Moscow. Winston Churchill’s reputation suffered a huge setback. However, the experience was to come in handy for Churchill during his bigger role as the Prime Minister of Britain in the Second World War. Hence, there is no such thing as total disaster. This is something all leaders need to keep in mind. As long as mistakes are identified and seen to it that they are not repeated, all experiences can be useful. Such an attitude is essential for all leaders. It is what separates the average ones from the great ones. The Valour and Determination of Captain Alfred Shout Colonel William Malone: One leader of men who captured the imagination of both his subordinates and his enemies is Captain Alfred Shout. His name had become synonymous with the battle for Walker’s Ridge. Atop Baby 700, Captain Shout engaged the Turkish defence with his predominantly under-trained troops and still managed to hold ground. But what brought Alfred Shout enduring recognition and a place in the history books is his unsurpassed dedication to his men. Shout not only the leader of the Anzac battalion but he also helped save several lives through his courage and determination. In spite of being hit by several bullets, Captain Shout continued to carry wounded men away from the line of fire. He is said to have saved a dozen lives in this fashion. But what makes the endeavour all the more remarkable is the fact that Shout himself was severely wounded while performing these brave acts – his arm was made useless by the impact of an artillery and his lung punctured by one of the bullets. Yet, he persisted in carrying out his duty to the nation and to his fellow combatants. The severe strain would ultimately claim his life, but still, his commitment to his men helped inspire others in the thick of battle. It is only apt that Captain Alfred Shout was posthumously honoured with the Military Cross for his services to the Allied cause. Captain Shout’s story is one of leading by example. To gain the respect and admiration of equals and subordinates alike, a leader will have to set an example through his actions. And Captain Shout’s heroics will remain a worthy lesson for all leaders. Another hero for the Allies worthy of mention is Colonel William Malone. His inspirational leadership at Quinn’s Post helped the Allies’ cause by driving the Turkish frontline further back. Sadly though, Colonel Malone was killed by a stray artillery fire. Nevertheless, his men carried on the fight in the same spirit which helped secure some key positions. The story of Colonel Malone’s sacrifice goes on to highlight another key leadership quality – dedication and commitment to the cause. Lessons learnt from the Anzac Cove fiasco: The fiasco at the Anzac Cove would epitomize the lack of planning on part of the Allies. A wave of New Zealand soldiers were sent to back up the already inland Australian regiment. But the New Zealanders lost track of their destination and landed further ashore on what would later be named the Anzac Cove. Further chaos and confusion ensued as the Anzacs had no alternative but to move inland. Without a centralized command and a clear vision of the objectives, the operation failed miserably. To add insult to injury, the Anzacs faced further turmoil from well-trained Turkish snipers. The Anzac casualties were so high that serious consideration was given to abandoning the operation altogether. But indifferent to the general consensus, General Hamilton ordered his men to move on irrespective of enemy hostility. The fiasco at the Anzac Cove would lead to General Ian Hamilton losing his job. Here is an important lesson for all leaders. No amount of ambition can act as a substitute for metho dical and meticulous planning. The damages at the Anzac Cove could have been averted or substantially reduced had General Hamilton prepared and coordinated more carefully. The Disadvantages of Underestimating the Opponent: The Gallipoli Campaign will always be remembered for the Allied defeat against all odds. The Allies came very close to gaining some strategically important victories in the course of their year long ordeal in Turkey. The defeat of the Allies is all the more surprising, given their superior technological know-how and greater numbers. But contrary to accounts of Gallipoli by Western scholars, a study of Turkish documents of the time reveal how advanced their intelligence operations were and how prepared their commanders were. For example, the Turkish high command was well aware of the Allied forces’ impending initiatives in the month of April 1915. They also anticipated the withdrawal of enemy troops toward the end of November that year. Both these predictions proved to be accurate. It is evident that British officials underestimated the Turkish military infrastructure and sophistication. One of the qualities of good leadership is gaining sound understanding of the competition. The British leadership apparently failed in this regard. Hence their failure will serve future generations of leaders in emphasizing the importance of gaining an accurate estimate of the opponent. The Benefits of Planning and Foresight: There were other significant factors as well that undermined Allied efforts. The infantry under the British command were not properly trained. The Mitchell Report too points to this drawback. On top of that, some serious technical difficulties were overlooked in preparation for the campaign. For example, the capability of the Royal Navy in the unique geographical conditions of the Dardanelles straight was never tested before and no special provisions were made atop the warships to counter these challenges. Thus, the limitations of British naval gunnery were exposed in the most embarrassing manner. The estimate of the Turkish ammunition was also well off the mark. All these factors, when combined, offers a recipe for disaster, which the Gallipoli campaign was. Foresight, which is a key leadership quality, was evident in the leadership of General Limon von Sanders and found inadequate in the Allies. When it was finally decided to end the Gallipoli Campaign, the Allies displayed some qualities that they lacked previously in the campaign. The withdrawal of the Australian and New Zealand troops (the Anzacs) drew much praise for the way in which it was executed. There was not a single casualty during the withdrawal in December as the operation was carried out under high secrecy. It is ironic however, that the Allies got their act together after suffering great damage to their resources. The December withdrawal of troops, which ended the campaign, remains the only efficient and well-planned phase of the whole operation. This further highlights the importance of sound planning. In this instance, the Allied leadership applied the principle and it fetched agreeable results. References: Fewster, Kevin., â€Å"Gallipoli: The Turkish Story†, Allen Unwin, 2003. Haythornthwaite, Philip J., â€Å"Gallipoli 1915: Frontal assault on Turkey†, Osprey Publishing, 1991. The Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War is a valuable case study for learning about leadership qualities and styles. Although it is a sad fact that close to 500,000 lives were lost in the campaign, the decisions taken and tactics adopted during the course of these battles would serve present and future generations of military and political leaders. As some historians already point out, the Gallipoli campaign holds a special place in the annals of World War. Leading a Multicultural Army: The campaign was witness to some inspiring leadership skills that combined ethical norms, bravery and an astute understanding of the technical aspects of modern warfare. It is a tribute to those great men that they could exercise such superior qualities in the midst of a very unsettling phase in European history. The commanders were often handed charge of troops drawn from various nations. It requires of the leader to be sensitive and understanding of his .

Computer Crime essays

Computer Crime essays New times bring new crimes. It's a story as old as humanity and as new as the Internet. First comes cars, then car thieves follow. Telephones are followed by telephone fraud. Now we've got computers . . .. To make home, school, and office life easier, society relies on computers. As a result of this dependency, computer use grows everyday. Along with the growing use of computers comes widespread computer crime. With the Internet becoming increasingly popular, more and more people are becoming computer literate, and networks are becoming more readily accessible. The rise in computer crime can easily be blamed upon the increasing number of users. The Internet is widely deemed as a new community and "wild" electric frontier. Either way you look at it, the Internet offers cover for con artists, ground for grifters, and plenty of places where larceny can lurk. It provides the same opportunities for crime that the real world offers. Internet crimes, however, carry their own intricacies and innovations. These online crimes take advantage of the very same technologies that make the Internet possible. The most common crimes committed on the Internet are the same basic variations of the four main time-tested, real-world crimes: Forgery (of E-mail), assault (on your Web site, E-mail box, or computer system), fraud (cyberscams), and robbery (theft of valuable information). Various types of people commit computer crimes. The two most familiar being hackers and crackers. A hacker is a person who enjoys exploring the details of a programmable system and how to stretch their capabilities; one who programs enthusiastically, even obsessively. A cracker is one who breaks security on a system. Although hackers and crackers both break into computer systems, their motives are different. Hackers seem to break into computer systems for the intellectual challenge. Crackers are considered malicious with the intention of harming or causing damage to a compute...

The Role of the Internet and Crime Research Paper

The Role of the Internet and Crime - Research Paper Example Such information attracts criminals. Moreover internet is the fastest way for information transfer. It is very important for criminals. Also such types of criminal activity as computer viruses and malicious codes, cyber stalking and information warfare can damage our personal information. All these criminal activities are greatly influenced by the Internet, because it is the world of a great amount of information, in many cases unprotected information, and it is the place where person can stay incognito (Johanna Granville). Let’s take a closer look how the Internet aids criminal activity. â€Å"Work-at-home† schemes. In this scheme victim finds a job opportunity or receive an e-mail from fake company. The job is part-time and has a generous salary. The main â€Å"job† responsibilities are to rewrite articles or translate texts or to be middleman for charity organization that collects donations for victims of a natural disaster. Then the scammer asks the person for her personal information such as bank account numbers, Social Security number and date of birth. As the fraudsters says all these personal information is needed for hiring process, but in fact with these information they can monitor the victim’s account balances. When a big amount of money appears, the fraudster drains the account. Drug trafficking is another example of the Internet influence on criminal activity. Cyber world has become very popular among drug dealers. They use the Internet cafes to arrange their deals and courier web sites to track the drugs. They even create chat rooms with restricted access in order to swap recipes for amphetamine. One more example worth of remembering is changing information among terrorists through the Internet. They can easily plan their actions no matter where they are. It is better than phone, because you can stay incognito longer and it is harder to find such kind of information. As the Internet is World Wide it

Statistical Analysis study of Data Collection Essay

Statistical Analysis study of Data Collection - Essay Example Job satisfaction is an essential component that determines the productivity and retention of performing employees. The last, extrinsic satisfaction is based upon the surveyed employees’ response to the survey as regards their working environment and workplace. These responses have been analyzed in this paper. This is an important aspect of ensuring that the organization provides a good workplace and an atmosphere where the employee is motivated to perform at his best. Or, negatively speaking, there are very few distractions and the workers are able to concentrate on delivering their best. The population size of the Human Resources department is very small and is therefore not considered for the purpose of this paper. The administration department, being a staff function, operates in a different atmosphere, Information Technology (IT), the line function of this organization, is selected for detailed analysis. The IT department has a total of 100 employees of which 29 are male. The satisfaction levels in this department, based on extrinsic factors, are further studied by calculating the statistical central tendencies for extrinsic satisfaction. The measures adopted are: The above are calculated for all the employees first and then for female and male employees separately. All data is calculated on a scale of 1 to 7 where 1 represents very poor and 7 as very good. The results are presented below: Analysis of the data above throws important light on some of the aspects of the management and environment of the IT department. All employees rate their satisfaction with the working environment on an average of 4.50-4.60, with the female employees giving a slightly higher rating. It is the deviation that shows that while the male employees are more coherent in their opinion, the females differ more widely as to how they perceive the situation. This is also

Chemistry of Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Chemistry of Chocolate Essay Chocolate is made from the cacao bean. According to Rodney Lipson, â€Å"Cacao has been a cultivated crop for at least three thousand years, probably quite a bit more. The people who first utilized Cacao were the inhabitants of what is now Venezuela† (Lipson) This group of people would eventually spread the cacao bean in northwestern South America. Cacao was clearly highly valued by these people and they spread it northward through trade with their neighbors. It was probably the Maya, over 1500 years ago, who brought Cacao to Yucatan in what is now Mexico. The Aztecs who got Cacao from the Maya, used Cacao in a number of ways, one common way was as a bitter spice in food and possibly also as a base for pasta or bread, but the most well-known way that Cacao was as a drink. While the Maya drank Chocolate hot, the Aztecs seem to have often taken it cold. The Aztecs called the drink, and apparently the bean as well, Xocoatl. From this word comes the pan-European word Chocolate. When Europeans first made contact with the Aztec civilization, Cacao was being cultivated and used extensively. The Spanish Conquistadors quickly noticed the benefits of Chocolate and used it to keep their armies marching long distances with little food. From the Aztecs the Spanish took it to Europe. Chocolate was widely used in Catholic countries after 1569 when Pope Pius V declared that Chocolate, the drink, did not break the fast, despite the hearty nutritional aspects of Chocolate† (Lipson). Chocolate continued to be moved from country to country through trade and exploration. Soon chocolate found its way into America, and according to Lipson, â€Å"In 1900 Milton Snavely Hershey, a Mennonite from Pennsylvania, began producing milk-chocolate bars and kisses with great success. He was anti-alcohol and saw Chocolate as a good, profitable alternative. His empire grew even larger during World War I, when Milton Hershey encouraged the US Army to add four Hershey bars to each soldiers daily ration† (Lipson). Because of Hershey, chocolate was now affordable for everyone, and his methods of making chocolate are still used today. Peter’s chocolate tells us that chocolate is made by, â€Å"storing the cacao beans in silos or warehouse. These rooms are well aired, kept at cool temperature and the humidity regularly checked. Before the production stage, the beans are sorted and cleaned. Cocoa does not acquire the richness of its color and the fullness of its flavor until it is roasted. The degree of care given to this operation has considerable influence on the ultimate quality of the end product either cocoa powder or chocolate. When roasting is complete, the beans are cooled and their thin shells removed by a winnowing machine. The husked and winnowed beans are called nibs. Heres where the first secrets of the chocolate manufacturer come in. The nibs are blended, combining as many as eight to ten varieties. It is control of these subtle mixtures that maintains a constant quality and brings out the flavor of each particular variety of chocolate. The roasted and winnowed nibs then pass through refining mills and are ground. The heat generated by grinding causes the cocoa butter or fat to melt and form a fine paste or liquid known as chocolate liquor. This goes to large hydraulic presses which remove most of the cocoa butter. The cake which is left may eventually be made into cocoa powder. The cake goes through several processes in which it is crushed, milled and finely sifted. After the cocoa paste, cocoa butter, milk, sugar and additional flavorings have been carefully weighed out in accordance with the recipe, they go into a mixer where rotating, kneading arms thoroughly mix all the ingredients. The result is a homogeneous, paste-like mixture which is already pleasant to taste, but still feels gritty to the palate. The chocolate is put in a conching machine. While in the machine, the chocolate turns over in the conching machine, a controlled amount of air ventilates the mass, allowing the full aroma and flavor to develop. The still-warm conched chocolate is placed in a tempering machine so that it can be slowly and steadily cooled. The tempering prevents separation in the chocolate when its filled into bar molds and hardens† (Peter’s). This results in the average chocolate bar.

14 Elements Of A Successful Safety & Health Program :: essays research papers

Element 1: Hazard Recognition, Evaluation and Control. Establishing and maintaining safe and healthful conditions required indenifing hazards, evaluating their pontential effects, developing ways to eliminate or control them and planning action priorities.This process is the essence of successful safety and health management. Element 2:Workplace Design and Engineering Safety and health issues are most easily and economically addressed when facilities, processes and equipment are being designed. Organizations must incorporate safety into workplace design, production processes and selection.They also need to evaluate and modify or replace exisiting processes, equipment and facilities to make them safer. We explore how the design and function of the workplace can complement safety and health goals, minimize exposure to hazards and promote safe practices. Element 3: Safety Performance Management As in all areas of operations, standards must be set for safety performance. They should reflect applicable regulatory requirements, additional voluntary guidelines and best business practices. We describe how managers, supervisors and employees can be made responsible and held accountable for meeting standards within their control. We look at how job performance appraisals can reflect performance in safety and health, as well as in other areas. Element 4: Regulatory Compliance Management The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and state safety and health agencies establish and enforce safety and health regulations.Other agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, also issue and enforce regulations relating to safety and health in the United States. We discuss key aspects of international regulations in the European Union, Canada and Mexico. Staying informed about and complying with regulations are essential goals of safety and health programs.We also look briefly at conducting regulatory compliance inspections. Element 5: Occupational Health Occupational health programs range from the simple to the complex. At a minimun, such programs address the immediate needs of injured or ill employees by providing first aid and responce to emergencies. More elaborate medical services may incude medical surveillance programs and provision for an in-house medical capability. In addition, some companies are beginning to focus on off-the-job safety and health through employee wellness and similar programs. ELEMENT 6: Information Collection Safety and health activities, including inspections, record keeping, industrial hygine surveys and other occupational health assessments, injury/illness/incident investigations and performance reviews, produce a large quantity of data. Safety and health professionals must collect and analyze this data. Small incidents often provide early warning of more serious safety or health problems. Complete and accurate records can be used to identify hazards, measure safety performance and improvement, and through analyses, help identify patterns. ELEMENT 7: Employee Involvement Design and engineering controls are limited in their ability to reduce hazards. Companies now understand that their real

Revisiting the Eclectic Theory of the Choice of International Entry Mode

Theoretical Issues on Marketing UIBE PhD Program Juan Pablo Dominguez Fall 2012 Final Examination for Theoretical Issues of Marketing (Doctoral Course) Nov. 28, 2012 Essay questions for â€Å" An Eclectic Theory of Choice of International Entry Mode † 1. What are the major variables that affect the decision of entry mode? Should they be weighted equally? Why yes or why no? 2. Given that different variables may pull the MNC in the different directions, what approach is suggested by the authors? 3. What theories have been taken as the basis for conceptualization? 4.Considering the nine propositions, do they all make sense to you? In case you find any fault with them, state it with your arguments. 5. Review the methodology adopted by this paper and make your comment on its appropriateness. 6. Discuss briefly what contributions this thesis has made to the theory of international entry mode choice. 7. What do you think of the limitation of this thesis? Revisiting the Eclectic Theor y of the Choice of International Entry Mode During the internationalization process of a company, the decision of entry mode to a particular market is determined by a set of different considerations.The paper â€Å"An Eclectic Theory of Choice of International Entry mode† is a theoretical approach to answer the questions of which factors are relevant and which are not. It reflects on how contemporary studies (particularly, Transaction Cost Theory) had a limited view of the problem by not including a globalstrategy factor in the analysis, therefore the authors try to advance the discussion by enriching the construct of additional variables that were disregarded by economical orthodoxy at the moment. This short paper is aimed to introduce in part the aforementioned document and present more recent findings in the topic.In that fashion I have divided the paper into 4 main parts besides this short introduction. The first section is a brief literature review of the theoretical bac kground behind the understanding of entry mode in the internationalization process given that the paper was published more than two decades ago. The second section aims at synthesizing the main propositions of the paper and what I consider its limitations and contributions. The third section displays empirical evidence that aimed to negate or confirm the different propositions of the authors and finally, the fourth and last section is a set of concluding remarks. Literary reviewThere is no short list about existing research regarding the internationalization process of MNEs?. When focusing on the entry mode (or ownership strategies), one can begin to see that there are three different streams of thought: one stream of research has often framed such a choice as determined by the need for control to minimize transaction costs arising from asset specificity and potential partner opportunism (Anderson & Gatignon, 1986; Williamson, 1985). According to transaction costs theory, for invest ments characterized by high asset specificity, integrated ownership structures, such as whole owned subsidiaries (WOSs), should be sed to enhance MNEs? strategic and operational control over the assets (Anderson & Gatignon, 1986) and to protect MNEs from the risk of knowledge dissemination to their partners (Davidson & McFetridge, 1985; Hill, Hwang, & Kim, 1990). Thus, transaction costs theory advocates the use of ex ante control mechanisms to minimize transaction costs arising from asset specificity and potential partner opportunism (Williamson, 1985). Another stream of research has suggested that the institutional environment shapes such a choice and proposed that MNEs may exchange ownership for legitimacy in the host country (Chan & Makino, 2007; Yiu & Makino, 2002).When foreign ownership is not prevalent or well accepted in the host country industry, MNEs can partner with local firms or keep the ownership level lower (Chan & Makino, 2007). By doing so, MNEs can show the local co mmunities that their activities are not ethnocentric or harmful to local firms, and they also obtain the local identity and legitimacy to acquire the resources that they need in the local environment (Xu & Shenkar, 2002). On the other hand, when FDI is well accepted in the local market, MNEs can pursue integrated ownership structures and high equity shares.Choice of an ownership structure thus does not necessarily reflect MNEs? deliberate efforts to economize on transaction costs for an efficient governance mechanism but may rather be a response to pressures from the institutional environment (Yiu & Makino, 2002). The third stream is as in the case of Hill et al. which posits that in addition to control and legitimacy, MNE ownership strategy is also fundamentally concerned with the choice between flexibility and commitment (Buckley & Casson, 1998; Chi & McGuire, 1996; Kouvelis, Axarloglou, & Sinha, 2001). More recent papers have taken again the same question.Li & Li in 2010 resuscit ated the topic and made a contribution by not only providing a theoretical background proposing similar hypothesis as in the case of Hill, Hwang and Kim in 1990 but also by analyzing the ownership structure and equity shares of over 5,000 new foreign investments in manufacturing industries in China during 2000 to 2006. Explaining the contents of the paper is outside of the objectives of this short essay, but the Li & Li? s took Hill et al style of theoretical constructions one step further and provided stronger empirical evidence (outside the realm of mall sample surveys) that supports the logic behind such framework. Empirical tests of MNEs' initial entry modes are rather limited, even though existing theoretical research has elaborated on the options features of JVs compared with other investment modes (Buckley & Casson, 1998; Chi, 2000; Lee, 2004; Pennings & Sleuwaegen, 2004). Cuypers and Martin (2010) observed that foreign investors are inclined to take a smaller equity share in a JV when they face strong exogenous uncertainty (e. g. , exchange rate uncertainty) rather than endogenous uncertainty (e. . , cultural uncertainty). Brouthers et al. (2008) showed that, in choosing international entry modes, MNEs tend to adopt JVs (over WOSs) under high demand uncertainty. Synthesis What are the major variables that affect the decision of entry mode? Given that different authors have considered variables like country risk, country familiarity, country development stage, technology, and transaction costs, Hill et al. begin their work with a vision to unify the framework and analyze how different factors affect the decision.The first attempt to create a unified framework was carried out by Anderson and Gatignon in 1986 through the use of transaction cost theory. I believe that the authors see the shortcoming of this initial unified proposal in the Ceteris Paribus assumption of Economics that is used only as a theoretical tool to analyze relations among events or va riables. Any theory that treats related events in isolation will be insufficient and that? s why the authors propose the strategic relationship as another vital element of the decision.Their proposal includes the following factors: !†#$%   ! â€Å"#$! ,! = ! (! â€Å"#$%†&, ! â€Å"#$%&'†   ! â€Å"##$%#&'%, ! â€Å"##$%†&'(â€Å")&   ! â€Å"#$#) Should they be weighted equally? Why yes or why no? Different factors in the decision often suggest different entry modes, it is according to the particular weights each company puts in this factors that the final choice of entry is done. In other words, when deciding entry mode different factors have different weights and according to each company’s strategic considerations, such weights will have different magnitudes.Given that different variables may pull the MNC in the different directions, what approach is suggested by the authors? The authors suggest that instead of focusing in a single var iable, the company will have a set of strategic constraints that will limit their decision options. They focus their attention on how much control the company wants, according to the resource commitment they will provide and taking into consideration the dissemination risks of their knowhow. This can be formulated as the following: ! â€Å"#$%   ! â€Å"#$! ,! = ! !†#$%†&, ! #$%&'†   ! â€Å"##$%#&'%, ! â€Å"##$%†&'(â€Å")&   ! â€Å"#$# !†#$†%&'(   ! â€Å"#$†%&'( = ! !†#$%! â€Å"&   ! â€Å"##$%$&'$(, ! â€Å"#$%   ! †   ! â€Å"#$#%&! ‘, ! â€Å"#$%†   ! â€Å"#! $%&'%(â€Å"# !†#$%&†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ(â€Å")*+   ! â€Å"#$†%&'( = ! !†#$%&'   ! â€Å"#$, ! â€Å"#$%&†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ   ! â€Å"#$%$†&$'(, ! â€Å"#$%! !†#$%&%†#', ! â€Å"#$%&#&%'   ! †   ! â€Å"#$%&'&'†( !†#$%#&'()$   ! â€Å"#! â€Å"#$%& = ! (! à ¢â‚¬Å"#$%   ! †   ! â€Å"#$ ? !†#$%&%$   ! â€Å"#$ ? ?! â€Å", ! â€Å"#$! !†#$%&   ! †   ! â€Å"#$ ? ?! â€Å") These factors come from previous research and theoretical constructs. One important analysis that needs to be done is how these factors correlate to each other.One factor that I? m not sure if it? s included in any of these variables is regulation. For example, many automobile giants in the world wanted to enter the Chinese market as WOSs but because of regulation they are forced to enter as JVs. This makes me believe that there is an unspoken assumption that the markets the authors were conceiving in their constructs were open markets with little participation of the government (maybe they include it with country risk? ). What theories have been taken as the basis for conceptualization? This heoretical construct is a criticism to the Transaction Cost analysis to the entry mode decision, but in the words of Hwan, the theoretical heritage of the Eclectic Theory can be traced in part to the seminal work of Perlmutter [1969], which acknowledged the increasing existence of geocentric approaches to multinational management. The geocentric approach outlined by Perlmutter provided a succinct explanation for the existence of and benefits attached to managing subsidiary units not as a portfolio of independent units but as an interdependent network.Another foundation, upon which their argument rests, is the rich body of literature on global strategy (e. g. , Hout, Porter and Rudden [1982]; Hamel and Prahalad [1985]; Kogut [1985a, 1985b]; Kim and Mauborgne [1988]; Yip, [1989]), which has either explicitly or implicitly built upon Perlmutter's geocentric conception. I believe that the biggest theoretical difference from this global-strategy construct and classical economics theory within the entry mode decision is that the overriding objective is overall corporate success, not the maximization of each individual subsi diary unit's efficiency.The second is that in achieving this objective, interdependencies across subsidiary units must be actively managed, meaning that sometimes it would mean that in order to maintain global strategy, some SBUs might even be required to operate at a loss (which is a rationale outside the boundaries of traditional economics). Considering the nine propositions, do they all make sense to you? In case you find any fault with them, state it with your arguments. The first thing I noticed is why are they called propositions instead of Hypothesis? Any theory is based in hypothesis because its aim is to provide chances for something to be proved or not.The second thing I notices is that the propositions are not â€Å"symmetrical†. By this I mean that when you make such kind of propositions, in order to fully understand the relationship of the explanatory variables with the dependent variable, the author must not only look at one side of the coin but at both. For exa mple, Proposition 1: Other things being equal, firms that pursue a multi-domestic strategy will favor lowcontrol entry modes. That is one side of the coin, the other side would be: Other things being equal, firms that do not pursue multi-domestic strategy will not favor low-control entry modes.The value of such construct is that it gives a more robust base for empirical testing. Each proposition is set to analyze the validity of each factor within the whole unified framework, so its validity remains to be tested empirically. Review the methodology adopted by this paper and make your comment on its appropriateness. This paper is a theoretical construct based upon the works of others with the addition of new factors, it does not apply specific methodological tools for testing its validity. In terms of epistemological value, the theory is constructed in the same fashion as Falsificationism (Popper? ) would propose because the validity of the theory that was accepted previously was put into question by the authors and therefore they provided a new set of hypothesis that should accommodate more accurately to reality than Transaction Costs theory. To discuss the appropriateness of such construct without empirical evidence would be to begin an epistemological debate about the validity of theories and their validity into describing â€Å"Truth†. If it were me who wrote the paper I would have not done a theoretical construct without any experimental study about its validity. I believe that? why some of the authors (specifically Hwan) wrote another paper a couple of years later were with the use of surveys they tried to analyze the validity of such constructs. Methodologically speaking, I believe that is a much more fruitful contribution to science than providing list of propositions that may or may not be of use. Discuss briefly what contributions this thesis has made to the theory of international entry mode choice. The biggest contribution of this paper was th e search of different factors that could explain the decision of mode of entry for the internationalization process of a company.Previous studies at the moment had already identified a diversity of variables that influence the entry mode decision decision, and the authors grouped them into one of two categories: environmental or transaction specific factors. Furthermore, according to the theoretical constructs of the time, the studies of the factors had an underlying assumption that each entry decision is made in isolation and is driven essentially by efficiency considerations at the level of the individual entrant or subsidiary unit.This paper made a case directed towards establishing the importance of a third group of factors: global strategic, namely the strategic relationship it envisages between its operations across borders, in reaching its entry mode decision. For a business manager who is in such internationalization process, this theoretical construct can provide him a road map to which variables he/she should pay attention to in order to make the decision of entry.In my opinion, managers tend to first see how other companies enter the market in their initial stages and see if that would be a viable choice and such â€Å"contextual† approach is not included in the factors. What do you think of the limitation of this thesis? The biggest limitation of any theoretical construct is that it remains just a theory and not be applicable. That? s why I took it upon me to see if someone had tried to prove or deny the Eclectic Theory. The results of that search are shown in section three of this paper.Empirical evidence 2 years after the publication of Hill et al. Eclectic Theory, one of the co-writers, Peter Hwang along with W. Chan Kim published the paper: â€Å"Global Strategy and Multinationals? Entry Mode Choice†. The main objective of the paper was to provide empirical tests to the propositions made by the Eclectic Theory. They used a survey f rom ninety-six multinational managers and had a fundamental result that an express incorporation of global strategic variables into an analysis of the entry mode decision is warranted. DataThe survey was a mail questionnaire composed of four parts: modes of entry, global strategic factors, environmental factors, and transaction-specific factors. It was distributed to 629 U. S. based MNE, mostly from the manufacturing sector and targeted senior-level management. 137 questionnaires were returned (22% response rate), of which 41 were disregarded because of incomplete answers. Another 18 were disregarded because respondents provided a positive response to the control question of whether government regulations imposed restrictions on the mode options available.The respondents operations were geographically wide with 25 located in Asia Pacific, 17 in South America, 25 in Europe, 16 in North America, 4 in Africa and 9 in the Middle East. One big methodological problem to measure the validi ty of the propositions is that such variables are not easy to measure. This translates that the nine key variables recognized to influence the focal decision of foreign entry mode are linked to the empirical world only through indicators.Moreover, they appear to be wide-ranging, multifaced constructs. As such, psychometric measurement based on multiple items rather than a single-item proxy seemed a more fitting approach [Peter 1979; Fomnell 1982; Churchill 1979], and was used in the analyses. I personally believe that psychometric variables do not fully reflect the necessary information, but that is just because I am biased towards more robust statistical data and believe that what people think they know is not actually what they know.Continuing with the questionnaire, the respondents were asked to evaluate the foreign venture under discussion across each of these items on a 7-point Likert-type scale. After data collection, an iterative procedure was employed to refine the set of in dicators for each construct. The item-to-total correlation, i. e. , the correlation between the score of each indicator and the total score of those indicators used to capture each construct, was then examined. Following the steps suggested by Nunnally [1978], those indicators with a low correlation with the total score (i. e. , r Revisiting the Eclectic Theory of the Choice of International Entry Mode Theoretical Issues on Marketing UIBE PhD Program Juan Pablo Dominguez Fall 2012 Final Examination for Theoretical Issues of Marketing (Doctoral Course) Nov. 28, 2012 Essay questions for â€Å" An Eclectic Theory of Choice of International Entry Mode † 1. What are the major variables that affect the decision of entry mode? Should they be weighted equally? Why yes or why no? 2. Given that different variables may pull the MNC in the different directions, what approach is suggested by the authors? 3. What theories have been taken as the basis for conceptualization? 4.Considering the nine propositions, do they all make sense to you? In case you find any fault with them, state it with your arguments. 5. Review the methodology adopted by this paper and make your comment on its appropriateness. 6. Discuss briefly what contributions this thesis has made to the theory of international entry mode choice. 7. What do you think of the limitation of this thesis? Revisiting the Eclectic Theor y of the Choice of International Entry Mode During the internationalization process of a company, the decision of entry mode to a particular market is determined by a set of different considerations.The paper â€Å"An Eclectic Theory of Choice of International Entry mode† is a theoretical approach to answer the questions of which factors are relevant and which are not. It reflects on how contemporary studies (particularly, Transaction Cost Theory) had a limited view of the problem by not including a globalstrategy factor in the analysis, therefore the authors try to advance the discussion by enriching the construct of additional variables that were disregarded by economical orthodoxy at the moment. This short paper is aimed to introduce in part the aforementioned document and present more recent findings in the topic.In that fashion I have divided the paper into 4 main parts besides this short introduction. The first section is a brief literature review of the theoretical bac kground behind the understanding of entry mode in the internationalization process given that the paper was published more than two decades ago. The second section aims at synthesizing the main propositions of the paper and what I consider its limitations and contributions. The third section displays empirical evidence that aimed to negate or confirm the different propositions of the authors and finally, the fourth and last section is a set of concluding remarks. Literary reviewThere is no short list about existing research regarding the internationalization process of MNEs?. When focusing on the entry mode (or ownership strategies), one can begin to see that there are three different streams of thought: one stream of research has often framed such a choice as determined by the need for control to minimize transaction costs arising from asset specificity and potential partner opportunism (Anderson & Gatignon, 1986; Williamson, 1985). According to transaction costs theory, for invest ments characterized by high asset specificity, integrated ownership structures, such as whole owned subsidiaries (WOSs), should be sed to enhance MNEs? strategic and operational control over the assets (Anderson & Gatignon, 1986) and to protect MNEs from the risk of knowledge dissemination to their partners (Davidson & McFetridge, 1985; Hill, Hwang, & Kim, 1990). Thus, transaction costs theory advocates the use of ex ante control mechanisms to minimize transaction costs arising from asset specificity and potential partner opportunism (Williamson, 1985). Another stream of research has suggested that the institutional environment shapes such a choice and proposed that MNEs may exchange ownership for legitimacy in the host country (Chan & Makino, 2007; Yiu & Makino, 2002).When foreign ownership is not prevalent or well accepted in the host country industry, MNEs can partner with local firms or keep the ownership level lower (Chan & Makino, 2007). By doing so, MNEs can show the local co mmunities that their activities are not ethnocentric or harmful to local firms, and they also obtain the local identity and legitimacy to acquire the resources that they need in the local environment (Xu & Shenkar, 2002). On the other hand, when FDI is well accepted in the local market, MNEs can pursue integrated ownership structures and high equity shares.Choice of an ownership structure thus does not necessarily reflect MNEs? deliberate efforts to economize on transaction costs for an efficient governance mechanism but may rather be a response to pressures from the institutional environment (Yiu & Makino, 2002). The third stream is as in the case of Hill et al. which posits that in addition to control and legitimacy, MNE ownership strategy is also fundamentally concerned with the choice between flexibility and commitment (Buckley & Casson, 1998; Chi & McGuire, 1996; Kouvelis, Axarloglou, & Sinha, 2001). More recent papers have taken again the same question.Li & Li in 2010 resuscit ated the topic and made a contribution by not only providing a theoretical background proposing similar hypothesis as in the case of Hill, Hwang and Kim in 1990 but also by analyzing the ownership structure and equity shares of over 5,000 new foreign investments in manufacturing industries in China during 2000 to 2006. Explaining the contents of the paper is outside of the objectives of this short essay, but the Li & Li? s took Hill et al style of theoretical constructions one step further and provided stronger empirical evidence (outside the realm of mall sample surveys) that supports the logic behind such framework. Empirical tests of MNEs' initial entry modes are rather limited, even though existing theoretical research has elaborated on the options features of JVs compared with other investment modes (Buckley & Casson, 1998; Chi, 2000; Lee, 2004; Pennings & Sleuwaegen, 2004). Cuypers and Martin (2010) observed that foreign investors are inclined to take a smaller equity share in a JV when they face strong exogenous uncertainty (e. g. , exchange rate uncertainty) rather than endogenous uncertainty (e. . , cultural uncertainty). Brouthers et al. (2008) showed that, in choosing international entry modes, MNEs tend to adopt JVs (over WOSs) under high demand uncertainty. Synthesis What are the major variables that affect the decision of entry mode? Given that different authors have considered variables like country risk, country familiarity, country development stage, technology, and transaction costs, Hill et al. begin their work with a vision to unify the framework and analyze how different factors affect the decision.The first attempt to create a unified framework was carried out by Anderson and Gatignon in 1986 through the use of transaction cost theory. I believe that the authors see the shortcoming of this initial unified proposal in the Ceteris Paribus assumption of Economics that is used only as a theoretical tool to analyze relations among events or va riables. Any theory that treats related events in isolation will be insufficient and that? s why the authors propose the strategic relationship as another vital element of the decision.Their proposal includes the following factors: !†#$%   ! â€Å"#$! ,! = ! (! â€Å"#$%†&, ! â€Å"#$%&'†   ! â€Å"##$%#&'%, ! â€Å"##$%†&'(â€Å")&   ! â€Å"#$#) Should they be weighted equally? Why yes or why no? Different factors in the decision often suggest different entry modes, it is according to the particular weights each company puts in this factors that the final choice of entry is done. In other words, when deciding entry mode different factors have different weights and according to each company’s strategic considerations, such weights will have different magnitudes.Given that different variables may pull the MNC in the different directions, what approach is suggested by the authors? The authors suggest that instead of focusing in a single var iable, the company will have a set of strategic constraints that will limit their decision options. They focus their attention on how much control the company wants, according to the resource commitment they will provide and taking into consideration the dissemination risks of their knowhow. This can be formulated as the following: ! â€Å"#$%   ! â€Å"#$! ,! = ! !†#$%†&, ! #$%&'†   ! â€Å"##$%#&'%, ! â€Å"##$%†&'(â€Å")&   ! â€Å"#$# !†#$†%&'(   ! â€Å"#$†%&'( = ! !†#$%! â€Å"&   ! â€Å"##$%$&'$(, ! â€Å"#$%   ! †   ! â€Å"#$#%&! ‘, ! â€Å"#$%†   ! â€Å"#! $%&'%(â€Å"# !†#$%&†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ(â€Å")*+   ! â€Å"#$†%&'( = ! !†#$%&'   ! â€Å"#$, ! â€Å"#$%&†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ   ! â€Å"#$%$†&$'(, ! â€Å"#$%! !†#$%&%†#', ! â€Å"#$%&#&%'   ! †   ! â€Å"#$%&'&'†( !†#$%#&'()$   ! â€Å"#! â€Å"#$%& = ! (! à ¢â‚¬Å"#$%   ! †   ! â€Å"#$ ? !†#$%&%$   ! â€Å"#$ ? ?! â€Å", ! â€Å"#$! !†#$%&   ! †   ! â€Å"#$ ? ?! â€Å") These factors come from previous research and theoretical constructs. One important analysis that needs to be done is how these factors correlate to each other.One factor that I? m not sure if it? s included in any of these variables is regulation. For example, many automobile giants in the world wanted to enter the Chinese market as WOSs but because of regulation they are forced to enter as JVs. This makes me believe that there is an unspoken assumption that the markets the authors were conceiving in their constructs were open markets with little participation of the government (maybe they include it with country risk? ). What theories have been taken as the basis for conceptualization? This heoretical construct is a criticism to the Transaction Cost analysis to the entry mode decision, but in the words of Hwan, the theoretical heritage of the Eclectic Theory can be traced in part to the seminal work of Perlmutter [1969], which acknowledged the increasing existence of geocentric approaches to multinational management. The geocentric approach outlined by Perlmutter provided a succinct explanation for the existence of and benefits attached to managing subsidiary units not as a portfolio of independent units but as an interdependent network.Another foundation, upon which their argument rests, is the rich body of literature on global strategy (e. g. , Hout, Porter and Rudden [1982]; Hamel and Prahalad [1985]; Kogut [1985a, 1985b]; Kim and Mauborgne [1988]; Yip, [1989]), which has either explicitly or implicitly built upon Perlmutter's geocentric conception. I believe that the biggest theoretical difference from this global-strategy construct and classical economics theory within the entry mode decision is that the overriding objective is overall corporate success, not the maximization of each individual subsi diary unit's efficiency.The second is that in achieving this objective, interdependencies across subsidiary units must be actively managed, meaning that sometimes it would mean that in order to maintain global strategy, some SBUs might even be required to operate at a loss (which is a rationale outside the boundaries of traditional economics). Considering the nine propositions, do they all make sense to you? In case you find any fault with them, state it with your arguments. The first thing I noticed is why are they called propositions instead of Hypothesis? Any theory is based in hypothesis because its aim is to provide chances for something to be proved or not.The second thing I notices is that the propositions are not â€Å"symmetrical†. By this I mean that when you make such kind of propositions, in order to fully understand the relationship of the explanatory variables with the dependent variable, the author must not only look at one side of the coin but at both. For exa mple, Proposition 1: Other things being equal, firms that pursue a multi-domestic strategy will favor lowcontrol entry modes. That is one side of the coin, the other side would be: Other things being equal, firms that do not pursue multi-domestic strategy will not favor low-control entry modes.The value of such construct is that it gives a more robust base for empirical testing. Each proposition is set to analyze the validity of each factor within the whole unified framework, so its validity remains to be tested empirically. Review the methodology adopted by this paper and make your comment on its appropriateness. This paper is a theoretical construct based upon the works of others with the addition of new factors, it does not apply specific methodological tools for testing its validity. In terms of epistemological value, the theory is constructed in the same fashion as Falsificationism (Popper? ) would propose because the validity of the theory that was accepted previously was put into question by the authors and therefore they provided a new set of hypothesis that should accommodate more accurately to reality than Transaction Costs theory. To discuss the appropriateness of such construct without empirical evidence would be to begin an epistemological debate about the validity of theories and their validity into describing â€Å"Truth†. If it were me who wrote the paper I would have not done a theoretical construct without any experimental study about its validity. I believe that? why some of the authors (specifically Hwan) wrote another paper a couple of years later were with the use of surveys they tried to analyze the validity of such constructs. Methodologically speaking, I believe that is a much more fruitful contribution to science than providing list of propositions that may or may not be of use. Discuss briefly what contributions this thesis has made to the theory of international entry mode choice. The biggest contribution of this paper was th e search of different factors that could explain the decision of mode of entry for the internationalization process of a company.Previous studies at the moment had already identified a diversity of variables that influence the entry mode decision decision, and the authors grouped them into one of two categories: environmental or transaction specific factors. Furthermore, according to the theoretical constructs of the time, the studies of the factors had an underlying assumption that each entry decision is made in isolation and is driven essentially by efficiency considerations at the level of the individual entrant or subsidiary unit.This paper made a case directed towards establishing the importance of a third group of factors: global strategic, namely the strategic relationship it envisages between its operations across borders, in reaching its entry mode decision. For a business manager who is in such internationalization process, this theoretical construct can provide him a road map to which variables he/she should pay attention to in order to make the decision of entry.In my opinion, managers tend to first see how other companies enter the market in their initial stages and see if that would be a viable choice and such â€Å"contextual† approach is not included in the factors. What do you think of the limitation of this thesis? The biggest limitation of any theoretical construct is that it remains just a theory and not be applicable. That? s why I took it upon me to see if someone had tried to prove or deny the Eclectic Theory. The results of that search are shown in section three of this paper.Empirical evidence 2 years after the publication of Hill et al. Eclectic Theory, one of the co-writers, Peter Hwang along with W. Chan Kim published the paper: â€Å"Global Strategy and Multinationals? Entry Mode Choice†. The main objective of the paper was to provide empirical tests to the propositions made by the Eclectic Theory. They used a survey f rom ninety-six multinational managers and had a fundamental result that an express incorporation of global strategic variables into an analysis of the entry mode decision is warranted. DataThe survey was a mail questionnaire composed of four parts: modes of entry, global strategic factors, environmental factors, and transaction-specific factors. It was distributed to 629 U. S. based MNE, mostly from the manufacturing sector and targeted senior-level management. 137 questionnaires were returned (22% response rate), of which 41 were disregarded because of incomplete answers. Another 18 were disregarded because respondents provided a positive response to the control question of whether government regulations imposed restrictions on the mode options available.The respondents operations were geographically wide with 25 located in Asia Pacific, 17 in South America, 25 in Europe, 16 in North America, 4 in Africa and 9 in the Middle East. One big methodological problem to measure the validi ty of the propositions is that such variables are not easy to measure. This translates that the nine key variables recognized to influence the focal decision of foreign entry mode are linked to the empirical world only through indicators.Moreover, they appear to be wide-ranging, multifaced constructs. As such, psychometric measurement based on multiple items rather than a single-item proxy seemed a more fitting approach [Peter 1979; Fomnell 1982; Churchill 1979], and was used in the analyses. I personally believe that psychometric variables do not fully reflect the necessary information, but that is just because I am biased towards more robust statistical data and believe that what people think they know is not actually what they know.Continuing with the questionnaire, the respondents were asked to evaluate the foreign venture under discussion across each of these items on a 7-point Likert-type scale. After data collection, an iterative procedure was employed to refine the set of in dicators for each construct. The item-to-total correlation, i. e. , the correlation between the score of each indicator and the total score of those indicators used to capture each construct, was then examined. Following the steps suggested by Nunnally [1978], those indicators with a low correlation with the total score (i. e. , r